The Holy Spirit: In the Bible, the Apocrypha, and the Dead Sea Scrolls

Acworth, Georgia

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"Scripture taken from the HOLY BIBLE, NEW

INTERNATIONAL VERSION. Copyright Ó 1973,

1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by

permission of Zondervan Publishing House."

Table of Contents

Introduction

Quiz on the Holy Spirit

The Holy Spirit in the Old Testament

The Holy Spirit in the New Testament

The Holy Spirit in the Apocrypha

The Holy Spirit in the Dead Sea Scrolls

The Spirit in the Christian Apocrypha

The Early Church

The Creeds

The Reformation

Holy Ghost vs. Holy Spirit

Summary

Sources

Notes

Other Christian History & Theology courses

Introduction

Coming from a Presbyterian background, I’ve grown up with lots of emphasis on God the Father and Jesus, but less focus on the Holy Spirit (those of you from Methodist or Pentecostal backgrounds have probably had different experiences). I thought it would be useful to write a course on the Holy Spirit, tracing the concept from its earliest mention in the Old Testament (Genesis 1:2) through the New Testament period, also stopping along the way to examine sources from the inter-Testamental period. Regarding the latter, I’ve included references to:

The Dead Sea Scrolls, the set of 800 documents (or parts of documents) found in the Judean desert in the mid-20^th century. References to the Spirit in the Scrolls provide a clear theological bridge between the Old and New Testaments, with much emphasis on the relationship between the Spirit and individuals.
The Apocrypha – the set of 12-16 books, most of which appeared in the Greek translation of the Old Testament known as the Septuagint, but not in Hebrew versions of the Old Testament. Today, they appear in some Bibles (Roman Catholic, NRSV, Orthodox, etc.) but not all (NIV, KJV, etc.) References to the Spirit in the Apocrypha are similar to references found in the Old Testament.

While no Divine inspiration is claimed for the non-Biblical sources quoted herein, they are useful to trace the development of Jewish and early Christian thought on the topic of the Holy Spirit.

And while this course is primarily focused on the Old Testament through the New Testament time periods, I’ve also included a few short notes on the view of the Holy Spirit in the Early Church and the Reformation, as well as a note on the linguistic differences between “Holy Ghost” and “Holy Spirit”.

Quiz on the Holy Spirit

T/F In the Old Testament, the spirit of God is often synonymous with the metaphor of “wind”
T/F The only spirit mentioned in the New Testament is the Holy Spirit
T/F God the Father is the only part of the Triune God present at Creation
T/F The term “Holy Spirit” is not used in the Old Testament or the Dead Sea Scrolls
T/F The New Testament is unique in its theology of “baptism by the Spirit”T/F The Bible recognizes one unforgivable sin, which is blasphemy against God the Father
T/F The Holy Spirit doesn’t interact with Jesus during his three year ministry on earth
T/F One of the reasons that Eastern Christianity and Roman Christianity split was because of the wording of the clause about belief in the Holy Spirit in the Apostles Creed
T/F The New Testament indicates that the Holy Spirit is with us from the time we are born
T/F The Spirit is often associated in the Bible with the raven

The Holy Spirit in the Old Testament

In the Old Testament, the Spirit of God is typically represented by the Hebrew word ruach, which can also be translated as “wind” or “breath”.

rûach

“wind, breath, mind, spirit…

1g) Spirit of God, the third person of the triune God, the Holy Spirit, coequal, coeternal with the Father and the Son

1g1) as inspiring ecstatic state of prophecy

1g2) as impelling prophet to utter instruction or warning

1g3) imparting warlike energy and executive and administrative power

1g4) as endowing men with various gifts

1g5) as energy of life…” (Brown-Driver-Briggs’ Hebrew Definitions, Parsons Technology, Inc., 1999)

In general, I’m only including references to the Spirit in this section that are capitalized in the NIV. The NIV uses an upper-case “S” when the translated word is in reference to God’s Spirit.

The concept of the Spirit of God permeates the Old Testament. The Spirit is characterized in ways such as these:

The Spirit is present during the Creation
The power of the prophets to prophesy comes from the Spirit
The Spirit can give life (and raise from the dead)
The Spirit can make military actions successful
The Spirit can confer – and withdraw – legitimacy on the Kings and Judges of Israel
The Spirit can impart skills and abilities on individuals, as well as instruct and admonish
It is impossible to flee from the Spirit
The Spirit can grieve and become angry

Spirit at creation

All three “persons” of the triune God are mentioned in the opening verses of Genesis, during the creation story. The Spirit is mentioned in Genesis 1:2 as “hovering over the waters” of God’s creation. (Jesus appears as the Word of God, “And God spoke”.)

There are also verses that equate the Spirit with the giving of life, and “renew[ing] the face of the earth”.

Reference	Notes
Genesis 1:2	“…the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters…” (NIV)
Job 33:4, Job 34:14-15	The Spirit gives life
Psalms 104:30	“When you send your Spirit, they are created, and you renew the face of the earth.” (NIV)

The Spirit and the prophets

The greatest number of references to the Spirit in the Old Testament occurs in relationship to enabling the ability of the prophets to prophesy. Among the prophets enabled by the Spirit: Azariah, Jahaziel, Zechariah, Isaiah, Ezekiel and Micah. The prophet Joel speaks of prophecies in the future, in a verse also quoted in the New Testament:

“I will pour out my Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy…” (Joel 2:28; Acts 2:17-18)

Ezekiel has his series of eschatological visions in the power of the Spirit, such as this reference:

“The Spirit lifted me up between earth and heaven and in visions of God he took me to Jerusalem…” (Ezekiel 8:3)

Reference	Notes
Numbers 11:26-29	Eldad and Medad : “Yet the Spirit also rested on them, and they prophesied in the camp.”
Numbers 24:2	Balaam: “…the Spirit of God came upon him and he uttered his oracle…”
2 Chronicles 15:1	Azariah son of Oded prophesies
2 Chronicles 20:14	Jahaziel son of Zechariah prophesies to King Jehoshaphat
2 Chronicles 24:20	Zechariah prophesies
Isaiah 48:16	“And now the Sovereign LORD has sent me, with his Spirit.”
Ezekiel 2:2	“…the Spirit came into me and raised me to my feet, and I heard him speaking to me.”
Ezekiel 3:24	“Then the Spirit came into me and raised me to my feet…”
Ezekiel 8:3	“The Spirit lifted me up between earth and heaven and in visions of God he took me to Jerusalem…”
Ezekiel 11:1	“Then the Spirit lifted me up and brought me to the gate of the house of the LORD that faces east…”
Ezekiel 11:5	“Then the Spirit of the LORD came upon me, and he told me to say…”
Ezekiel 11:24	“The Spirit lifted me up and brought me to the exiles in Babylonia in the vision given by the Spirit of God…”
Ezekiel 37:1	“The hand of the LORD was upon me, and he brought me out by the Spirit of the LORD and set me in the middle of a valley; it was full of bones…”
Ezekiel 43:5	“…the Spirit lifted me up and brought me into the inner court…”
Joel 2:28	“I will pour out my Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy…”
Zechariah 7:12	“…would not listen to the law or to the words that the LORD Almighty had sent by his Spirit through the earlier prophets…”
Micah 3:8	“But as for me, I am filled with power, with the Spirit of the LORD…”

The Spirit and military action

Four times in the Old Testament, the Spirit confers military prowess or might on an individual, the most famous being Gideon.

Reference	Notes
Judges 3:10	Othniel: “The Spirit of the LORD came upon him, so that he became Israel's judge and went to war.”
Judges 6:34	“…the Spirit of the LORD came upon Gideon, and he blew a trumpet…”
Judges 11:29	“Then the Spirit of the LORD came upon Jephthah...and…he advanced against the Ammonites.”
1 Chronicles 12:18	“Then the Spirit came upon Amasai, chief of the Thirty, and he said: ‘We are yours, O David…’ So David received them and made them leaders of his raiding bands.”

The Spirit and Samson

The Spirit was very involved in the life of Samson, who led Israel for twenty years. In Judges, Samson is given power by the Spirit to kill a lion with his bare hands.

Reference	Notes
Judges 13:25	“…the Spirit of the LORD began to stir him…”
Judges 14:6	“The Spirit of the LORD came upon him in power so that he tore the lion apart with his bare hands…”
Judges 14:19	Samson and the riddle
Judges 15:14	Samson and the Philistines

The Spirit and Kings Saul & David

The Spirit is intimately involved in the lives of the first two Kings of Israel – Saul and David. Saul receives power from the Spirit – but eventually has it taken away. David is anointed by Samuel under the influence of the Spirit, and later plans for the Temple under the influence of the Spirit. David makes use of the phrase “Holy Spirit” in Psalms – the only time the phrase is used in the Old Testament (it will, of course, be used often in the New Testament).

Reference	Notes
1 Samuel 10:6	“The Spirit of the LORD will come upon you [Saul] in power, and you will prophesy with them; and you will be changed into a different person.”
1 Samuel 10:10	“…the Spirit of God came upon him [Saul] in power, and he joined in their prophesying.”
1 Samuel 11:6	“When Saul heard their words, the Spirit of God came upon him in power, and he burned with anger.”
1 Samuel 16:13	“So Samuel took the horn of oil and anointed him in the presence of his brothers, and from that day on the Spirit of the LORD came upon David in power.”
1 Samuel 16:14	“Now the Spirit of the LORD had departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the LORD tormented him.”
1 Samuel 19:20	Saul’s men prophesy
1 Samuel 19:23	Saul prophesies
2 Samuel 23:2	David’s last words
1 Chronicles 28:12	David’s plans for the Temple
Psalms 51:11	“Do not cast me from your presence or take your Holy Spirit from me.” (The only time “Holy Spirit” is mentioned in the OT)

The Spirit and the Messiah

If we accept that Isaiah 42:1 is referring to the coming Messiah, we are told that the Messiah will have the Spirit on him when he arrives. There are many references in the New Testament to Jesus interacting with the Holy Spirit (including references to the Holy Spirit being Jesus’ real father).

Reference	Notes
Isaiah 42:1	“I will put my Spirit on him and he will bring justice to the nations.”

The Spirit as a “person”

In general, the Spirit of God in the Old Testament does not assume personal characteristics or emotions, but in Isaiah, we are told that the Spirit grieved, and in Micah, that the Spirit could be angry.

Reference	Notes
Isaiah 63:10	“Yet they rebelled and grieved his Holy Spirit. So he turned and became their enemy…”
Micah 2:7	“Is the Spirit of the LORD angry?”

The Spirit and individuals

It will be in the New Testament that the role of the Spirit in transforming individual lives will bloom. However, there are a few references in the Old Testament that underscore the impact of the Spirit on individuals (other than enabling prophesy). We are told:

· The Spirit can impart skill and abilities

· The Spirit instructs and admonishes

· The Spirit gives understanding

· The Spirit anointed Isaiah “to preach good news to the poor”

· The Spirit can impart life (and raise from the dead)

Reference	Notes
Exodus 31:1-3, Exodus 35:31	“I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge in all kinds of crafts”
Nehemiah 9:20, 9:30	The Spirit instructs and admonishes
Job 32:8	The Spirit gives understanding
Numbers 11:17, 11:25, 11:26	“I will take of the Spirit that is on you [Moses] and put the Spirit on them [70 of Israel’s elders].” (NIV)
Numbers 27:18, Deuteronomy 34:9	Joshua: “…a man in whom is the spirit…”
Isaiah 59:21	“My Spirit, who is on you, and my words that I have put in your mouth will not depart from your mouth, or from the mouths of your children…”
Isaiah 61:1	“The Spirit of the Sovereign LORD is on me, because the LORD has anointed me to preach good news to the poor.”
Ezekiel 37:14	The Valley of the Dry Bones: “I will put my Spirit in you and you will live…”

Misc.

Other references to the Spirit in the Old Testament enhance our understanding of the Third person of the Trinity. Psalms 139:7 says that it is impossible to flee from the presence of the Spirit. In several verses, the importance and special nature of Israel is underlined by the presence of the Spirit.

Reference	Notes
Psalms 106:33	Rebelling against the Spirit
Psalms 139:7	Omnipresent Spirit
Psalms 143:10	Led by the Spirit
Isaiah 11:2	Spirit of wisdom and power
Isaiah 32:15	“…till the Spirit is poured upon us from on high…”
Isaiah 44:3	“I will pour out my Spirit on your offspring”
Isaiah 63:11	“Where is he who set his Holy Spirit among them…”
Isaiah 63:14	“…they were given rest by the Spirit of the LORD…”
Ezekiel 1:12, Ezekiel 1:20-21	“Wherever the spirit would go, they would go, without turning as they went.”
Ezekiel 3:12,14	“Then the Spirit lifted me up, and I heard behind me a loud rumbling sound…”
Ezekiel 36:27	In reference to Israel: “And I will put my Spirit in you and move you to follow my decrees and be careful to keep my laws…”
Ezekiel 39:29	“I will pour out my Spirit on the house of Israel…”
Joel 2:29	“Even on my servants, both men and women, I will pour out my Spirit in those days.”
Haggai 2:5	“And my Spirit remains among you.”
Zechariah 4:6	“Not by might nor by power, but by my Spirit…”

The Holy Spirit in the New Testament

The wind metaphor for the Holy Spirit continues in the New Testament, using the Greek word pneuma:

pneuma

“…a current of air, that is, breath (blast) or a breeze; by analogy or figuratively a spirit, that is, (human) the rational soul, (by implication) vital principle, mental disposition, etc., or (superhuman) an angel, daemon, or (divine) God, Christ’s spirit, the Holy spirit:—ghost, life, spirit (-ual, -ually), mind. (Strong’s Hebrew and Greek Dictionaries, by James Strong)

While the Old Testament view of the Spirit also appears in the New, the New Testament introduces the role of the Spirit as a Counselor or Companion. While individuals receive the Spirit in the Old Testament, it is typically an event that happens from time to time for a specific reason – to give the individual strength at an important moment, to allow an individual to prophesy, etc. In the New Testament, the promise is that once an individual is saved, the Spirit will be a constant companion from that time forward. Receiving the Holy Spirit is referred to as a “baptism of fire”, and often occurs by the laying on of hands.

Characteristics of the Holy Spirit in the New Testament include:

Like in the Old Testament, the Holy Spirit enables individuals to prophesy. Elizabeth, Zechariah, Agabus and John are all examples of people in the New Testament that are given this ability by the Holy Spirit.
Blasphemy of the Holy Spirit is specifically mentioned as an unforgivable sin
The early church grew, encouraged by the Spirit
The Gentiles could be sanctified by the Holy Spirit
Having the gift of the Spirit is a sign of being in Jesus
Justification (reconciliation with God) comes through Jesus and the Spirit
We are granted Spiritual Gifts from the Spirit
The Spirit will guide us in how to lead a righteous life
Jesus has a close relationship with the Holy Spirit during his earthly ministry. The Spirit is present (“like a dove”) at the baptism of Jesus, as well as when Jesus spends 40 days in the desert. God anointed Jesus with the Holy Spirit and power.
(Jesus) is born of Mary who “was found to be with child through the Holy Spirit”
The Apostles are informed by Jesus that after he is gone, the Spirit (referred to as a Counselor, or Companion in some translations), will come to them, and stay with them forever. The Counselor will act as a teacher, and remind the Apostles of everything Jesus said to them.
Baptism by the Holy Spirit may, or may not, happen at the same time as water baptism. In the New Testament, baptism by the Holy Spirit is often accomplished by the laying on of hands.
The start of the Church is often traced to the coming of the Holy Spirit to the Apostles at Pentecost.

The Spirit vs. the Law

In several passages, Paul contrasts the “old way of the written code” with the “new way of the Spirit”. He also notes that you can’t receive the Spirit simply by observing the (Mosaic) Law.

Reference	Notes
Romans 7:6	“…we have been released from the law so that we serve in the new way of the Spirit, and not in the old way of the written code.”
Romans 8:2, 4	“…through Christ Jesus the law of the Spirit of life set me free from the law of sin and death.”
Galatians 3:2-5	“Did you receive the Spirit by observing the law…”

Prophecy

While we tend to associate prophecy most heavily with the Old Testament, there are many examples of prophesying in the New Testament, enabled by the same Person of the Trinity – the Holy Spirit. Examples include Elizabeth, Zechariah, Agabus and John (see section on “The Spirit and the End Times”).

Reference	Notes
Luke 1:41-42	“…Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit. In a loud voice she exclaimed…”
Luke 1:67	“His father Zechariah was filled with the Holy Spirit and prophesied…”
Acts 1:16	“…the Scripture had to be fulfilled which the Holy Spirit spoke long ago through the mouth of David…”
Acts 4:25	“You [God] spoke by the Holy Spirit through the mouth of your servant, our father David…”
Acts 11:28	“One of them, named Agabus, stood up and through the Spirit predicted that a severe famine would spread over the entire Roman world”
Acts 28:25	“The Holy Spirit spoke the truth to your forefathers when he said through Isaiah the prophet…”
1 Peter 1:11-12; 2 Peter 1:21	The Spirit and the prophets

Blasphemy against the Spirit

The importance of the Holy Spirit is underscored by a series of verses in the Synoptic Gospels, and in Hebrews, which indicate that there is indeed an unforgivable sin – blasphemy of the Holy Spirit:

“But whoever blasphemes against the Holy Spirit will never be forgiven; he is guilty of an eternal sin.” (Mark 3:29)

“It is impossible for those who have once been enlightened, who have tasted the heavenly gift, who have shared in the Holy Spirit, who have tasted the goodness of the word of God and the powers of the coming age, if they fall away, to be brought back to repentance, because to their loss they are crucifying the Son of God all over again and subjecting him to public disgrace” (Hebrews 6:4-6)

“How much more severely do you think a man deserves to be punished who has trampled the Son of God under foot, who has treated as an unholy thing the blood of the covenant that sanctified him, and who has insulted the Spirit of grace?” (Hebrews 10:29)

In Acts, a couple (Ananias and his wife) are struck down and die, because they lied to the Holy Spirit.

Reference	Notes
Matthew 12:31-32, Mark 3:29, Luke 12:10	“…blasphemy against the Spirit will not be forgiven…”
Acts 5:3	“Ananias, how is it that Satan has so filled your heart that you have lied to the Holy Spirit…”
Acts 5:9	“How could you agree to test the Spirit of the Lord? Look! The feet of the men who buried your husband are at the door, and they will carry you out also.”
Hebrews 6:4-6	“It is impossible for those who have…shared in the Holy Spirit…if they fall away, to be brought back to repentance.”
Hebrews 10:29	“How much more severely do you think a man deserves to be punished who has trampled the Son of God under foot…and who has insulted the Spirit of grace?”

Relationship between God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit

One of the great debates in the history of Christendom concerns the nature of the relationship between God the Father, Christ the Son, and the Holy Spirit. The Trinitarian view is that they are three “Persons” of the same entity. But others have a Unitarian view – there is one God, and the Son and the Spirit are not on the same level as the Father.

Are there clues in the New Testament as to the relationship between the three? 2 Corinthians 3:17-18 tells us that “the Lord is the Spirit”. Galatians 4:6 associates the Spirit with the Son, sent by God. 1 Timothy 3:16 seems to associate God, Jesus, and the Spirit as one.

Reference	Notes
2 Corinthians 3:17-18	“Now the Lord is the Spirit, and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom.”
2 Corinthians 13:14	“May the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all.”
Galatians 4:6	“…God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts…”
1 Timothy 3:16	Mystery of godliness: “He [God] appeared in a body [Jesus], was vindicated by the Spirit, was seen by angels, was preached among the nations, was believed on in the world, was taken up in glory.”

Signs of the Spirit

Matthew comments that the ability to drive out demons comes from the Spirit of God. John indicates in his first Epistle how we can discern between the Spirit of truth and the spirit of falsehood (compare to the Manual of Discipline in the Dead Sea Scrolls).

Reference	Notes
Matthew 12:28	“But if I drive out demons by the Spirit of God, then the kingdom of God has come upon you.”
1 John 4:2-6	How to recognize the Spirit of God: “We are from God, and whoever knows God listens to us; but whoever is not from God does not listen to us. This is how we recognize the Spirit of truth and the spirit of falsehood.”

The Spirit and Individuals

While the Old Testament discusses the impact of the Spirit on individuals, we get much more detail in the New Testament, especially from Paul, who writes often about the Spirit. Some characteristics of the relationship between the Holy Spirit and individuals include:

Individuals can preach the Word of God because the Spirit speaks through them
The Father will give the Holy Spirit to those that ask (seems to go against John Wesley’s idea of Prevenient Grace)
The Holy Spirit comes to those who obey God
The Spirit can transport individuals over large distances
If you don’t have the gift of the Spirit, you don’t belong to Christ
The Spirit helps us with our weaknesses, and intercedes on our behalf
“The man without the Spirit does not accept the things that come from the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him, and he cannot understand them, because they are spiritually discerned.”
Justification (reconciliation with God) comes through Jesus and the Spirit
We are granted Spiritual Gifts from the Spirit
The Spirit will guide us in how to lead a righteous life

Reference	Notes
Matthew 10:20, Mark 13:11, Luke 12:12	“…it will not be you speaking, but the Spirit of your Father speaking through you.”
Matthew 22:43, Mark 12:36	“How is it then that David, speaking by the Spirit…”
Luke 11:13	“…how much more will your Father in heaven give the Holy Spirit to those who ask him!”
John 3:34	“For the one whom God has sent speaks the words of God, for God gives the Spirit without limit.”
Acts 2:38	“Repent and be baptized…And you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.”
Acts 4:31	“And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit and spoke the word of God boldly.”
Acts 5:32	“…the Holy Spirit, whom God has given to those who obey him.”
Acts 6:3,5	“…choose seven men from among you who are known to be full of the Spirit and wisdom.”
Acts 6:10, Acts 7:55	“…they could not stand up against his wisdom or the Spirit by whom he spoke.”
Acts 8:29	“The Spirit told Philip, ‘Go to that chariot and stay near it’”
Acts 8:39; Revelation 17:13, 21:10	The Spirit can transport the Apostles over large distances
Romans 5:5	“…God has poured out his love into our hearts by the Holy Spirit, whom he has given us.”
Romans 8:5-6	“…those who live in accordance with the Spirit have their minds set on what the Spirit desires…”
Romans 8:9-11	“…if anyone does not have the Spirit of Christ, he does not belong to Christ…”
Romans 8:13-16	“…if by the Spirit you put to death the misdeeds of the body, you will live, because those who are led by the Spirit of God are sons of God…”
Romans 8:26	“…the Spirit helps us in our weakness.”
Romans 8:27	“…the Spirit intercedes for the saints in accordance with God's will.”
Romans 9:1	“I speak the truth in Christ—I am not lying, my conscience confirms it in the Holy Spirit…”
Romans 14:17	“For the kingdom of God is not a matter of eating and drinking, but of righteousness, peace and joy in the Holy Spirit…”
Romans 15:13	“May the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace as you trust in him, so that you may overflow with hope by the power of the Holy Spirit.”
1 Corinthians 2:10-15	“…The Spirit searches all things, even the deep things of God... no one knows the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God…This is what we speak, not in words taught us by human wisdom but in words taught by the Spirit, expressing spiritual truths in spiritual words. The man without the Spirit does not accept the things that come from the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him, and he cannot understand them, because they are spiritually discerned...”
1 Corinthians 3:16, 6:19	“Don't you know that you yourselves are God's temple and that God's Spirit lives in you?”
1 Corinthians 6:11	Justification through Jesus and the Spirit
1 Corinthians 12:3	“Therefore I tell you that no one who is speaking by the Spirit of God says, ‘Jesus be cursed,’ and no one can say, ‘Jesus is Lord,’ except by the Holy Spirit.”
1 Corinthians 12:4-13; Hebrews 2:4	Spiritual gifts from the Spirit
2 Corinthians 1:21-22	“He anointed us, set his seal of ownership on us, and put his Spirit in our hearts as a deposit, guaranteeing what is to come.”
2 Corinthians 3:3-8	· “You show that you are a letter from Christ, the result of our ministry, written not with ink but with the Spirit of the living God…” · Ministry of the Spirit
2 Corinthians 5:5	“…God has given us the Spirit as a deposit, guaranteeing what is to come.”
Galatians 3:14	“…so that by faith we might receive the promise of the Spirit.”
Galatians 5:5	“But by faith we eagerly await through the Spirit the righteousness for which we hope.”
Galatians 5:16-26, 6:8; 1 Thessalonians 4:7-8	Living by the Spirit
Ephesians 1:13	“…you were marked in him with a seal, the promised Holy Spirit…”
Ephesians 1:17	“I keep asking that the God of our Lord Jesus Christ…may give you the Spirit of wisdom and revelation, so that you may know him better.”
Ephesians 2:18	“For through him [Jesus] we both have access to the Father by one Spirit.”
Ephesians 2:22	“And in him you too are being built together to become a dwelling in which God lives by his Spirit.”
Ephesians 3:16	“…he may strengthen you with power through his Spirit in your inner being, so that Christ may dwell in your hearts through faith.”
Ephesians 4:30	“And do not grieve the Holy Spirit of God, with whom you were sealed for the day of redemption.”
Ephesians 5:18	“…be filled with the Spirit.”
Ephesians 6:17-18	Sword of the Spirit
Philippians 2:1-2	Fellowship with the Spirit
Philippians 3:3	Worship by the Spirit
2 Thessalonians 2:13; 1 Peter 1:2	“…sanctifying work of the Spirit…”
2 Timothy 1:14	The Holy Spirit lives in us
Titus 3:5	Saved through renewal by the Holy Spirit
1 John 3:24	How we know that Christ lives in us

Jesus and the Spirit

Jesus has a close relationship with the Holy Spirit during his earthly ministry. The Spirit is present (“like a dove”) at the baptism of Jesus, as well as when Jesus spends 40 days in the desert. God anointed Jesus with the Holy Spirit and power.

Reference	Notes
Matthew 3:16, Mark 1:10, Luke 3:22, John 1:32-33	“…and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and lighting on him…”
Matthew 4:1, Mark 1:12, Luke 4:1	“Then Jesus was led by the Spirit into the desert…”
Luke 4:14	“Jesus returned to Galilee in the power of the Spirit…”
Luke 4:18	“The Spirit of the Lord is on me, because he has anointed me to preach good news to the poor.”
Luke 10:21	“At that time Jesus, full of joy through the Holy Spirit, said, ‘I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because you have hidden these things from the wise and learned, and revealed them to little children.’”
Acts 2:33	“…he [Jesus] has received from the Father the promised Holy Spirit…”
Acts 10:38	“…how God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and power…”
Romans 1:4	“…who through the Spirit of holiness was declared with power to be the Son of God…”
1 Peter 3:18	“He [Christ] was put to death in the body but made alive by the Spirit…”

Coming of the Messiah

The Messiah (Jesus) is born of Mary who “was found to be with child through the Holy Spirit”. John the Baptist, who proclaims the coming of the Messiah, and baptizes Jesus, is “filled with the Holy Spirit even from birth”. Simeon can identify the baby Jesus as the Messiah because “the Holy Spirit was upon him”.

Reference	Notes
Matthew 1:18, Luke 1:35	“…she [Mary] was found to be with child through the Holy Spirit.”
Matthew 1:20	“…take Mary home as your wife, because what is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit.”
Matthew 12:18	“I will put my Spirit on him, and he will proclaim justice to the nations.”
Luke 1:15	“…he [John the Baptist] will be filled with the Holy Spirit even from birth.”
Luke 2:25-27	“…the Holy Spirit was upon him [Simeon]. It had been revealed to him by the Holy Spirit that he would not die before he had seen the Lord’s Christ…”

Counselor or Companion

These verses could be grouped with the section “the Holy Spirit and Individuals”, but I decided to break them out because of the uniqueness of the “counselor” or “companion” verbiage to John’s Gospel.

In John, Jesus makes several references to the fact the apostles would receive the Spirit after he was glorified. The Spirit is referred to as a Counselor (or Companion in some translations). The Counselor will be with them forever. The Counselor will act as a teacher, and remind the Apostles of everything Jesus said to them. After Jesus is gone, the Counselor will “convict the world of guilt.”

An interesting question is when did the Apostles receive the Spirit? Was it after the resurrection but before the ascension (John 20:22), or was it after the Ascension at Pentecost (Acts 2:1-4)?

Reference	Notes
John 7:39	“By this he meant the Spirit, whom those who believed in him were later to receive. Up to that time the Spirit had not been given, since Jesus had not yet been glorified.”
John 14:17	“And I will ask the Father, and he will give you another Counselor to be with you forever—the Spirit of truth. The world cannot accept him, because it neither sees him nor knows him. But you know him, for he lives with you and will be in you.”
John 14:26	“But the Counselor, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, will teach you all things and will remind you of everything I have said to you.”
John 15:26	“When the Counselor comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, the Spirit of truth who goes out from the Father, he will testify about me.”
John 16:7-15	The Counselor will convict the world of guilt
John 20:22	“And with that he breathed on them and said, ‘Receive the Holy Spirit.’””

Baptize by the spirit

This brings us to the interesting question of baptism by water versus baptism by the Holy Spirit. John the Baptist tells us in all three Synoptic Gospels that while he, John, baptizes with water, Jesus will baptize with the “Holy Spirit and with fire”. Yet water baptism continues all through th