Written by Robert C. Jones
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Acworth, Georgia
Ó 1997 by Robert C. Jones
This material may be reprinted free of charge for use by non-profit church groups, as long as the author and copyright information is retained. A teacher's guide and accompanying PowerPoint presentation is available for a small fee.
I'd love to hear about anyone that uses this material in their Sunday School classes!
"Scripture taken from the HOLY BIBLE, NEW
INTERNATIONAL VERSION. Copyright Ó 1973,
1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by
permission of Zondervan Publishing House."
"For if we desire to know God by his works, we surely cannot overlook this noble and illustrious specimen." (John Calvin, "Christian Institutes", p. 192)
Angels have been in vogue the last several years. One sees them portrayed in movies, on television, and in books. There are discussion forums regarding angels on the Worldwide Web. From a Christian standpoint, however, many of these depictions are somewhat dubious. (One must keep in mind that angels are not a solely Christian concept - they are quite popular in the New Age movement, for example). However, it is difficult for many Christians to know which portrayals are Biblically accurate, and which ones are not.
The purpose of this booklet (and the accompanying class) is to focus strictly on what is said in the Bible (Old and New Testament) regarding angels. I also on several occasions refer to the Apocrypha, as some of our most cherished notions regarding angels come from these books. However, it should be pointed out that most Protestant denominations do not accept the Apocrypha as the authoritative word of God.
I have made a conscious decision to keep the commentary and written text to a minimum - rather, I have focused on categorizing and presenting key references in the Bible to angels.
This booklet, it should be noted, is written from an evangelical viewpoint.
Quiz on Angels: A Biblical View
- T/F A clear hierarchy of angels is indicated in the Bible
- T/F The term "guardian angel" is used at least once in the Bible
- T/F The only angels mentioned by name in the Bible are Michael, Gabriel, and Satan
- Angels are commonly depicted in the Bible as having wings
- T/F Angels as depicted in the Old Testament most commonly appear as normal humans
- T/F Raphael is named as an angel in some versions of the Bible
- T/F Angels play an important part in the sequence of events that define the "end times"
- T/F The actions of angels in the Bible are always peaceful
- T/F Man is on the same level as angels (and/or other heavenly beings)
- T/F Angels can directly intercede in human events, changing the outcomes of human history
- T/F All angels are without sin
- T/F There are more references to angels in Revelation than in any other book of the Bible
- T/F The term "archangel" is commonly used in the Bible to describe angels that personally attend to God on the throne
- T/F The Bible tells us to worship angels, since they are close to the Father
- T/F Michael is identified in the Bible as an archangel
The term "angel" comes from the Greek word "angelos" (the Hebrew equivalent is "malak"). Both words mean "messenger".
There are a number of other terms used in the Bible to describe various heavenly beings, including cherubim, seraphim, "holy ones", "heavenly hosts", "four living creatures", and "twenty-four elders". ("Dominions", "powers" and "authorities" may possibly also be heavenly beings.) For the purposes of this book, I use the term "angel" to refer to any non-divine heavenly being.
The Bible is not explicit as to when or how angels were created. However, the Bible is explicit that angels were created beings - they weren't eternal in the sense of God and Christ.
"Where Scripture speaks of the world's creation, it is not plainly said whether or when the angels were created; but if mention of them is made, it is implicitly under the name of "heaven," when it is said, "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth," or perhaps rather under the name of "light..." (St. Augustine, "City of God", p. 461)
Reference |
Notes |
| Gen 1:26 | "Let us make man in our image..." |
| Gen 2:1 | "Thus the heavens... were completed |
| Psalms 148:2-6 | "and they were created..." |
| Col 1:15-17 | "all things were created by him and for him." |
Angels have several clearly defined roles in the canonical Bible, which include:
Heb 1:14 "Are not all angels ministering spirits sent to serve those who will inherit salvation?" (NIV)
Messengers - Angels act as messengers of God, delivering warnings, issuing proclamations, and interpreting visions
Instruments of God's will - Angels sometimes carry out the will of God on earth; angels are particularly active in the sequence of events known as the "end times".
Attendants - Angels act as attendants or worshippers of God in heaven
Ministering spirits - The New Testament book of Hebrews identifies that the purpose of angels is to minister to the saved:
A key role for angels is to act as messengers between God and humans. Sometimes angels deliver a message to a single human (Hagar), and sometimes to large amounts of people (Rev 14:6-7). Sometimes the message is a warning (Lot), and sometimes they bring "good tidings of great joy" (to the shepherds minding their flocks in Luke).
Angels are one of the primary ways that God chooses to communicate with His earthly flock.
Reference |
Notes |
| Gen 16:7-13 | Hagar |
| Gen 18:2-15 | Three visitors to Abraham & Sarah |
| Gen 19:1-25 | Warning to Lot |
| Judges 13:1-25 | An angel appears to parents of Samson |
| Dan 4:13; 4:17 | Messenger from heaven |
| Zec 1:8-17 | "man riding a red horse..." |
| Matt 1:20-25 | An angel appears to Joseph |
| Matt 2:13 | An angel warns Joseph |
| Matt 2:19 | An angel tells Joseph Herod is dead |
| Matt 28:2-8; John 20:11-13 | An angel at the tomb of Jesus |
| Luke 2:8-15 | An angel appears to the shepherd |
| Acts 1:10-11 | "two men dressed in white..." |
| Acts 8:26 | An angel appears to Philip |
| Acts 10:3-7 | An angel appears to Cornelius |
| Acts 27:23-24 | An angel appears to Paul |
| Rev 1:1; Rev 22:6,10,16 | John's Revelation |
| Rev 14:6-7 | An angel proclaims God's word to the whole world |
God speaking directly to humans through angels - a pre-incarnate appearance of Christ?
There are several apparent places in the Old Testament where the Lord (Yahweh) himself, appearing in the form of an angel, seems to be speaking directly to a human (as opposed to using an angel as an intermediary). Such passages often begin with "The Angel of the Lord..." (Note that evangelical scholars translate these passages as "the" angel, not "an" angel.)
Many evangelical scholars (John Calvin among them) view that "The Angel of the Lord" could be a pre-incarnate Christ. In John 1:1 Christ is referred to as the "logos" of God, which can variously be described as "word", "rationality", or "consciousness". Colossians 1:15 describes Christ as being the "image of the invisible God". Given these descriptions, it is not inconceivable that God would use a pre-incarnate Christ to communicate directly with humans in Old Testament times.
"The orthodox doctors of the Church have correctly and wisely expounded, that the Word of God was the supreme angel, who then began, as it were by anticipation, to perform the office of Mediator. For though he were not clothed with flesh, yet he descended as in an intermediate form, that he might have more familiar access to the faithful...I am rather inclined, however, to agree with ancient writers, that in those passages wherein it is stated that the angel of the Lord appeared to Abraham, Jacob, and Moses, Christ was that angel." (John Calvin, "Christian Institutes", p. 161,195)
"The declaration of the Angel, "I will," shows this Angel was the eternal Word and Son of God. " (Matthew Henry's Commentary of Gen. 16:7)
One other figure in the Old Testament (although not necessarily an angel) could fit into the idea of the appearance of a pre-incarnate Christ - this is the mysterious figure of Melchizedek.
"Many Christian writers have thought that this was an appearance of the Son of God himself, our Lord Jesus, known to Abram at this time by this name. But as nothing is expressly revealed concerning it, we can determine nothing." (John Wesley, "John Wesley's Notes On The Whole Bible - The Old Testament", p. 88)
Certainly the Scriptures go to great length to show the similarities between Melchizedek and Christ, and Melchizedek seems to have many attributes that one would normally only associate with the triune God:
Melchizedek was known as the "King of Righteousness"
He has no recorded beginning or end (birth or death)
Abraham is blessed by Melchizedek "by God Most High"
Abraham tithes to Melchizedek
Christ is a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek (as opposed to the Levitical order)
Melchizedek is the "King of Peace", or the "King of Salem" - Salem is generally considered to be an early name for Jerusalem
Reference |
Notes |
| Gen 16:7-13 | The Lord talks to Hagar |
| Gen 18 | The three visitors; the Lord speaks to Abraham |
| Gen 22:15-18 | An angel calls to Abraham from heaven |
| Ex 3:2-6 | Moses & the burning bush |
| Joshua 5:13-6:2 | Commander of the Army of God (see also Rev 19:11-16) |
| Judges 2:1-3 | "I brought you up out of Egypt..." |
| Judges 6:11-23 | Gideon |
| Zec 3:1-10 | "The LORD said to Satan..." |
References to Melchizedek |
|
| Gen 14:18-20 | Melchizedek meets Abraham |
| Psalms 110:1-4 | "You are a priest forever..." |
| Heb 5:6,10; 6:20 | Christ as the high priest |
| Heb 7:1-17 | "Even the patriarch Abraham gave him a tenth of the plunder!" |
×
Angels as instruments of God's will on earth
God sometimes uses angels to carry out his will on earth. Sometimes His will is awesome in its might - the death of the 185,000 Assyrians, for example. Other times, His will is to save individual humans, such as Isaac, Daniel, and Peter.
Reference |
Notes |
| Gen 3:24 | Garden of Eden |
| Gen 22:9-12 | An angel stops Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac |
| Exodus 14:19 | An angel leading Israeli army |
| Exodus 23:20-26; 32:34; 33:2 | An angel will lead the Israelites into the promised land |
| Numbers 20:16 | An angel leads Israelis out of Egypt |
| Joshua 5:13-15 | Commander of the Army of God (see also Rev 19:11-16) |
| 2 Sam 24:15-17; 1 Chron 21:15-16 | Instrument of God's vengeance |
| 2 Kings 19:35; 2 Chronicles 32:21; Isa 37:36 | 185,000 Assyrians killed |
| Psalms 78:49-51 | Band of destroying angels |
| Dan 6:22 | Daniel saved from the Lions |
| Acts 5:19-20 | An angel frees Apostles from prison |
| Acts 7:53; Gal 3:19 | Law put into effect through angels" |
| Acts 12:7-11 | An angel frees Peter from jail |
| Acts 12:23 | Herod struck down |
Stained glass over the entrance to the old Mars Hill sanctuary
Photo by Robert Jones
One of the most cherished notions held by many people is the idea that each Christian is assigned a "guardian angel" to watch over them. While the Bible doesn't actually use the term "guardian angel", there are several references in the Bible to angels being assigned to protect human beings.
Reference |
Notes |
| Psalms 34:7 | "...encamps around those that fear him..." |
| Psalms 91:11-12 | Angels will "guard you in all your ways..." |
| Dan 12:1 | Michael "protects your people" |
| Matt 18:10 | Children have "their angels in heaven" |
| Luke 15:7,10 | Rejoicing in heaven |
| Acts 12:12-15 | Peter's angel |
| Heb 1:14 | Angels as "ministering spirits" |
The Protestant Reformers, while not necessarily accepting the idea of individual Christians being assigned individual guardian angels, certainly viewed that one of the main roles of angels was to protect the saved:
"But the point on which the Scriptures specially insist is that which tends most to our comfort, and to the confirmation of our faith, namely, that angels are the ministers and dispensers of the divine bounty towards us. Accordingly, we are told how they watch for our safety, how they undertake our defense, direct our path, and take heed that no evil befall us. " (John Calvin, "Christian Institutes", p. 196)
"They may prevent our falling into many dangers, which we are not sensible of; and may deliver us out of many others, though we know not whence our deliverance comes. How many times have we been strangely and unaccountably preserved, in sudden and dangerous falls!...And who can hurt us while we have armies of angels, and the God of angels, on our side?" (John Wesley, Sermon on "Good Angels", p. 406, 408)
Several times in the New Testament, angels are depicted as acting in a protective role with Jesus. An especially important example is when angels attend to Jesus after he has been tempted for 40 days by Satan.
Reference |
Notes |
| Matt 4:11, Mark 1:13 | Angels attend Jesus after 40 days of temptation by the devil |
| Luke 22:39-43 | Jesus strengthened by an angel from heaven |
Photo by Robert Jones
Angels are assigned important and active roles during the end times. Their roles are clearly defined in both the synoptic Gospels, and the Book of Revelation. (There are more references to angels in the Book of Revelation than in any other book of the Bible.) Christ is accompanied by the "armies of heaven" during the second coming.
Reference |
Notes |
| Zec 6:1-8 | "four chariots" |
| Matt 13:39-43, 49-50 | "the harvesters are angels..." |
| Matt 16:27; Matt 24:30-31; Matt 25:31; Mark 8:38; Mark 13:27; John 1:51; 2 Thess 1:7 | Son of Man will come with his angels |
| Matt 24:36 | Angels don't know the time of the end times |
| 1 Thess 4:16 | Voice of the archangel |
| Jude 1:14-15 | Enoch's prophesy |
| Rev 6:1-8 | Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse |
| Rev 7:1-3 | Angels at four corners of the earth |
| Rev 8:2-10:10 | Seven angels with trumpets |
| Rev 14:6-13 | "Fallen is Babylon the Great" |
| Rev 14:15-20 | Grim reaper |
| Rev 15:1-16:21 | Seven angels with 7 last plagues |
| Rev 19:11-21 | "armies of heaven" |
| Rev 20:1-3 | Angel w/ the key to the Abyss |
A number of seemingly different types of heavenly beings are identified as having the role of attending to and/or worshipping God in heaven. These include "cherubim" (identified in Ezekiel as being one in the same as "four living creatures"), "seraphim" (referenced only in Isaiah), "heavenly hosts", and the "twenty-four elders".
Notes of interest:
"Cherubim" and "seraphim" ("the burning ones") are the only angels in the Bible that are depicted as having wings (except, possibly, Zec 5:9, and the locusts in Rev 9)
Cherubim are also mentioned in Gen 3:24, as the guards that God places at the Garden of Eden, after Adam and Eve have been cast out
The "twenty-four elders" are traditionally considered to be the twelve patriarchs, and the twelve Apostles. However, this is solely by church tradition - the canonical Bible makes no such claim.
Reference |
Notes |
Cherubim/Seraphim |
|
| Ezekiel 1:1-24 | Wheel in a wheel |
| Ezekiel 10:1-22 | Winged cherubim |
| Rev 4:6-8 | Four living creatures |
| Rev 5:8-10,14 | Four living creatures |
| Rev 6:1 | "Come!" |
| Rev 14:3 | A new song before the throne |
| Isaiah 6:1-7 | Seraphs in heaven |
Twenty-four elders |
|
| Rev 4:9-11 | Twenty-four elders before the throne |
| Rev 5:5 | Elder speaks to John |
| Rev 5:8-10 | Fall before the lamb |
| Rev 7:13-17 | Elder interprets John's vision |
Angelic hosts |
|
Rev 5:11-12 |
""Worthy is the Lamb, who was slain..." |
Rev 7:10-12 |
Angels worshipping before the throne |
Rev 19:1-8 |
"a great multitude in heaven..." |
Only three angels are mentioned by name in the canonical Bible - Gabriel, Michael, and Satan. At least two other angels are named in the Apocrypha, including Raphael (Book of Tobit), and Uriel (2 Esdras).
Gabriel
The angel Gabriel is mentioned in both the Old and New Testaments, where he acts primarily as a messenger of God. As Gabriel is given the role of announcing the births of John the Baptist and Jesus to their parents, he is perhaps the most cherished angel in the Bible in terms of Christian tradition. (Gabriel is also mentioned in the apocryphal and apocalyptic book of Enoch (9:1, 20:7, 40:9). Enoch, though, is not included even in most Bibles that include the section known as "The Apocrypha".)
Reference |
Notes |
| Dan 8:15-19 | Interprets a vision of Daniel |
| Dan 9:20-23 | Instructs Daniel |
| Luke 1:11-20 | Appears to Zechariah (father of John the Baptist) |
| Luke 1:26-38 | Appears to Mary, wife of Joseph |
Michael
Michael, like Gabriel, is also mentioned in both Old and New Testaments. Unlike Gabriel, though, Michael's role seems to be primarily that of a protector, or as the head of an angelic army. (Michael is also mentioned in apocryphal book of Enoch (9:1, 10:11)).
Reference |
Notes |
| Dan 10:13 | "one of the chief princes" |
| Dan 10:21 | "No one supports me against them except Michael" |
| Dan 12:1 | Great prince |
| Jude 1:9 | Archangel Michael |
| Rev 12:7 | War in heaven against Satan |
Satan
Alas, the angel mentioned most often in the scriptures is the "fallen angel", Satan. "Satan" is a Hebrew word meaning accuser, adversary, or opponent. While the name Satan appears 53 times in the scriptures (NIV), Satan is also referred to under a number of other names, such as "devil", "evil one", "the destroyer", etc. Revelation 12:9 identifies Satan as being the "ancient serpent" in Genesis (3:15).
The fall of Satan and his angels from heaven tells us that heavenly beings are not without sin. However, the Bible assures us that, ultimately, God's will is predominate in the universe.
Reference |
Notes |
The Fall of Satan and the Angels |
|
Isaiah 14:12-20 |
"Morning star" is translated as "Lucifer" in KJV |
Ezekiel 28:12-19 |
Satan once had a special place of honor guarding the throne of Go d |
Luke 10:1 8 |
"I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven." |
2 Peter 2:4 |
Angels that sinned are placed in hell, awaiting judgment |
Jude 1:6 |
Fallen angels are held in darkness for Judgment Day |
Revelation 12:4 |
May indicate that Satan took a third of the angels with him |
Revelation 12:7-12 |
War in heaven between Archangel Michael and Satan |
The end of Satan and his angels |
|
| Mat 25:41 | "Eternal fire" was prepared for Satan and his angels |
| Rom 16:20 | God will crush Satan under the feet of the Church |
| Rev 20:1-3 | Satan thrown into the abyss for 1000 years |
| Rev 20:10 | Satan thrown into lake of burning sulfur forever |
The Bible contains a number of descriptions of the character of Satan. Satan is described as the great deceiver, and the great tempter of mankind. Christ triumphed over Satan through the cross.
Reference |
Notes |
Characteristics of Satan |
|
| Mat 4:1-11 | Satan is a tempter - Christ is tempted by Satan, but remains sinless |
| Mat 17:14-18 | Can bring sickness to mankind |
| 1 John 5:19 | Ruler of this world |
| Rev 13, 16:14 | Satan can control politicians |
| 1 John 3:8 | Christ appeared to destroy the Devil's work |
| Col 2:15 | Christ triumphs over the Devil through the cross |
| 1 Cor 10:13, James 4:7, 1 Pet 5:8-9 | Satan can tempt, but believers have the power to resist |
| Mat 16:23, John 13:2, John 13:27, 1 Thes 2:18 | Satan can affect even the Apostles |
| 2 Cor 11:14 | Satan masquerades as an angel of light |
| 2 Cor 12:7 | Satan can be used by God for good |
| John 12:31-33, Heb 2:14-15 | Christ's death and resurrection is the beginning of the end for Satan |
| Rev 16:12-14 | Satan and the demons perform miraculous signs |
Raphael
Raphael is mentioned only in the Apocrypha (in Tobit, as well as the apocalyptic book of Enoch). Tobit seems to identify that Raphael is one of seven angels that have special status:
"I am Raphael, one of the seven angels who stand ready and enter before the glory of God" (Tobit 12:15; NRSV)
The Bible doesn't indicated exactly how many angels exist, but there are a number of references that show that there are many, many angels.
Reference |
Notes |
| Psalms 68:17 | Chariots of God |
| Dan 7:10 | "Thousands upon thousands attended him" |
| Matt 26:53 | 12 Legions (4,500-6,000 men ea.) |
| Heb 12:22 | Angels on Mt. Zion |
| Rev 5:11 | Angels in heaven |
| Rev 9:16 | 200,000,000 angels |
The Bible as used by most Protestant churches contains no detailed hierarchies of angels (although the apocryphal, and apocalyptic book of Enoch does). However, it was common during the Middle Ages to attempt to assign complicated hierarchies to angelic beings. A pre-500 A.D. writer named Dionysius produced such a hierarchy, which was later adopted by theologian Thomas Aquinas. The Protestant Reformers almost uniformly rejected such non-canonical hierarchies. John Calvin, for example, said:
"Wherefore, if we would be duly wise, we must renounce those vain babblings of idle men, concerning the nature, ranks, and number of angels, without any authority from the Word of God." (Calvin, p. 193/94)
While no hierarchies of angels can be discerned in the canonical Bible, several relationships are fairly clear:
God is above all, including all heavenly creatures
Christ is greater than the angels
While humans are identified as being "a little lower than the heavenly beings", the Bible also identifies a) the world to come is for humans, b) by the end times (at least), angels and humans will be "fellow servants" and c) the role of angels is to minister to the saved.
The term "archangel" ("chief", or "first" angel) appears only twice in the Bible. No name is assigned in 1 Thess 4:16, but in Jude 1:9, Michael is designated as an archangel. (In the Apocrypha, Gabriel is also identified as an archangel).
Reference |
Notes |
| Psalms 8:4-5 | Man is a little lower than the heavenly beings |
| Psalms 89:5-8 | God is above all |
| Philippians 2:9-11 | "every knee should bow..." to Christ |
| Col 1:15-20 | "all things were created by him and for him..." |
| 1 Tim 5:21 | Elect angels |
| Heb 1:4-13 | Christ greater than the angels |
| Heb 2:5-9 | "not to angels that he has subjected the world to come..." |
| Heb 2:16 | God doesn't help angels |
| 1 Pet 3:22 | Angels in submission to Christ |
| Jude 1:9 | Archangel Michael |
| Rev 19:9-10; Rev 22:8-9 | "a fellow servant with you and with your brothers..." |
Don't worship angels
Colossians 2:18 would seem to infer that worshipping angels is wrong. Colossians 1:15-17 affirms that all earthly and heavenly creatures are submissive to the triune God.
The Protestant Reformers were particularly strong against the practice of worshipping angels:
"And although the angels in heaven pray for us (as Christ Himself also does), as also do the saints on earth, and perhaps also in heaven, yet it does not follow thence that we should invoke and adore the angels and saints, and fast, hold festivals, celebrate Mass in their honor, make offerings, and establish churches, altars, divine worship, and in still other ways serve them...For this is idolatry, and such honor belongs alone to God." (Martin Luther, "The Smalcald Articles", p. 15)"Even Paul appears to have had a severe contest with some who so exalted angels as to make them almost the superiors of Christ. Hence he so anxiously urges in his Epistle to the Colossians, (Colossians 1:16, 20) that Christ is not only superior to all angels, but that all the endowments which they possess are derived from him; thus warning us against forsaking him, by turning to those who are not sufficient for themselves, but must draw with us at a common fountain." (John Calvin, "Christian Institutes", p. 199)
"Religious worship is to be given to God, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; and to him alone; not to angels, saints, or any other creature..." (Westminster Confession, Chapter 23)
The Bible mentions a number of miscellaneous characteristics of angels, usually in passing. These include a) angels don't marry b) angels walk among humans without being recognized c) angels don't know everything, etc.
As to the appearance of angels, they appear most often to humans as ordinary people. Other references to appearance include being clothed in white, and having a body like chrysolite. As mentioned earlier, only cherubim and seraphim are identified in the Bible as having wings.
Reference |
Notes |
| Gen 19:3 | Angels on earth can eat food |
| Gen 28:12 | Angels climbing the stairway between heaven & earth |
| Psalms 103:20-21 | Angels do the bidding of the Lord |
| Matt 22:30; Mark 12:25 | Angels don't marry |
| Luke 20:35-36 | Angels don't die |
| 1 Pet 1:12 | Angels don't know everything!! |
| 2 Pet 2:10-11 | Angels more powerful then humans |
| Dan 10:5-6 | His body was like chrysolite..." |
| Matt 28:3 | "clothes were white as snow..." |
| Acts 1:10-11 | "two men dressed in white..." |
| Heb 13:2 | Angels can look just like humans |
Title |
Author |
Publisher |
Year |
| Book of Confessions | Presbyterian Church (USA) | 1994 |
|
| City of God | St. Augustine; translated by the Rev. Marcus Dods, D.D., of Glasgow | The Sage Digital Library | 1996 |
| Holman Bible Dictionary for Windows | Parsons Technology | 1994 |
|
| Holy Bible - New International Version | Zondervan | 1984 |
|
| Holy Bible - New Revised Standard Version | National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. / Zondervan | 1989 |
|
| Institutes of the Christian Religion | John Calvin; translated by Henry Beveridge | The Sage Digital Library | 1996 |
| John Wesley's Notes on the Whole Bible - The Old Testament | John Wesley | The Sage Digital Library | 1996 |
| Matthew Henry's Concise Commentary on the Whole Bible | Software: Craig Rairdin & Parson's Technology | 1995 |
|
| Smalcald Articles | Martin Luther; translated by F. Bente and W. H. T. Dau | The Sage Digital Library | 1996 |
| Works of John Wesley, Vol. VI | John Wesley | The Sage Digital Library | 1996 |